Every drug, from aspirin to the most complex prescription pharmaceutical on the market, has side effects. These effects range from minor inconveniences to significant health concerns, and in some cases, they can be downright bizarre. The gastrointestinal system is perhaps the most common area affected by medications that work internally. Nearly all medicines have the potential to cause nausea or an upset stomach, although this happens to only a small percentage of people. Similarly, medications applied externally often cause skin irritation as a typical side effect.

Dr. Aashish Chaudhry, Managing Director of Aakash Healthcare in New Delhi, highlights the importance of understanding these effects to make informed decisions. "Due to their molecular properties, certain medications are inherently prone to creating adverse effects," he says.

For example, he says, the widely-used allergy medication diphenhydramine (commonly known as Benadryl) alleviates allergy symptoms but also blocks the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. "This results in drowsiness and other side effects, including dry mouth. At the right dosage, some medications cause barely noticeable side effects. For instance, Warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven), a blood thinner used to prevent clots, usually works well without irritation but can lead to significant internal bleeding under certain conditions," he explains.

Interestingly, not all side effects are undesirable. Some are even beneficial. "Finasteride, initially introduced in 1992 to treat noncancerous prostate gland enlargement, was later found to stimulate hair regrowth. Today, millions of men use it in low doses to combat male pattern baldness. Similarly, minoxidil, originally marketed as a high blood pressure medication, gained popularity when users noticed it promoted hair growth. Now, it is a widely available over-the-counter baldness treatment in cream or foam form." Dr Chaudhry explains.

Every medication comes with a risk-benefit ratio that varies depending on the individual. Awareness is key.

To minimise the risk of medication side effects, Dr. Chaudhry advises taking a proactive approach. "Always take medicines prescribed by your doctor and avoid using others' medications. Adhering to the prescribed dosage and schedule is critical." He stresses the value of familiarising yourself with the information leaflet accompanying prescription drugs. "These leaflets provide detailed instructions on usage, precautions, and potential side effects."

For over-the-counter or supplemental medications, Dr. Chaudhry recommends consulting with a pharmacist before purchasing. "Pharmacists can guide you on possible adverse effects and drug interactions," he says. It’s also essential to inform your doctor about all medications you're taking, including prescription, over-the-counter, and complementary treatments.

Dr. Chaudhry points out that this practice is particularly crucial for elderly individuals, who are more vulnerable to side effects. "Regular medication reviews, either at a pharmacy or at home, can help prevent complications," he suggests.

Lifestyle adjustments can also reduce dependency on medications. "Discuss with your doctor whether changes in diet, exercise, or other habits could improve your condition without relying heavily on drugs," says Dr. Chaudhry. Additionally, seeking advice from pharmacists on dosage management can help avoid errors, especially if taking multiple medications.

Informed decision-making and proactive management are the best defenses against medication side effects. As Dr. Chaudhry advises, "Understanding both the benefits and risks of your medications can lead to safer and more effective treatment outcomes."

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