As we all gear up to celebrate the most awaited festival of the year - Diwali, the excitement is unmatched. However, this time we need to stay extra cautious as most parts of the Delhi-NCR are grappling with the health risks linked with air pollution. The post-Diwali spike in pollution is a well-known issue, as firecrackers emit harmful gasses and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), causing a surge in air pollution levels. The short-term effects are visible with poor visibility and smoke-filled air, but the long-term health implications are much more serious. But if we follow the right strategies, we can keep health problems at bay.

- Respiratory Health Risks

During Diwali, the increase in air pollutants, especially PM2.5 and PM10 particles, directly affects respiratory health. These fine particles penetrate deeply into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Studies have shown that air pollution increases respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis. Data from the Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences revealed a 30 per cent spike in asthma-related emergency room visits in major Indian cities immediately following Diwali.

Further, those with existing respiratory conditions are more likely to experience severe symptoms, while healthy individuals may suffer from cough, wheezing, and difficulty breathing due to the smoke and pollutants in the air.

- Cardiovascular Health Effects

The effect of Diwali-related pollution doesn’t stop with the lungs; it has a significant impact on heart health as well. A study published in The Lancet found that prolonged exposure to air pollution increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), released by firecrackers, contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation, which can trigger cardiac events.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), particulate matter increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and the risk is even higher in people with pre-existing conditions. The days following Diwali often see a surge in hospital admissions for heart-related issues, particularly among the elderly and those with pre-existing heart conditions.

- Impact on Mental Health

The effects of Diwali pollution also impact mental health. A 2022 study in Environmental Health Perspectives suggested that prolonged exposure to high pollution levels is linked to heightened anxiety, depression, and cognitive decline. The WHO has indicated that air pollution may play a role in altering brain functions and can worsen mood disorders, especially in younger populations.

Noise pollution, an often overlooked byproduct of Diwali, also contributes to stress and anxiety. Research published in the Indian Journal of Psychiatry shows that continuous exposure to loud noise can lead to sleep disturbances, increased stress hormones, and reduced quality of life.

- Children and the Elderly: High-Risk Groups

Children and the elderly are especially vulnerable to pollution-related health issues. Children’s immune systems are still developing, and their lungs are more susceptible to the damaging effects of fine particles. A 2019 study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) found that air pollution stunts lung development in children, leading to chronic respiratory issues later in life.

The elderly, particularly those with pre-existing health conditions, also experience heightened risks. For example, in the weeks following Diwali, many hospitals report an increase in respiratory infections, aggravated asthma symptoms, and heart-related complications among older adults.

With the health risks in mind, here are ways to minimise the impact of pollution during Diwali:

Use Air Purifiers Indoors

An effective way to limit exposure to indoor pollutants is by using air purifiers, particularly HEPA-filter purifiers that can reduce PM2.5 and PM10 particles. Ensure you use them at night to improve indoor air quality and aid in better sleep.

Limit Outdoor Activities

Avoid outdoor activities, especially strenuous ones like jogging or cycling, in the days following Diwali when pollution levels peak. If outdoor activities are necessary, consider wearing an N95 mask that can help filter out harmful pollutants.

Opt for Green Crackers

Many states in India are promoting “green crackers,” which produce less smoke and reduce pollution by at least 30% compared to traditional firecrackers. They’re designed to emit less particulate matter, making them a safer choice for the environment and your health.

Maintain Proper Ventilation

While it may seem counterintuitive to open windows during high-pollution times, airing out your home at intervals, especially after Diwali night, helps reduce indoor pollutant buildup. For high-pollution areas, it's ideal to ventilate during midday when pollution levels might be lower.

Stay Hydrated and Eat Healthily

Staying hydrated helps flush out toxins from the body. Including foods rich in antioxidants, like berries, nuts, and leafy greens, helps combat oxidative stress induced by pollution. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and flax seeds also help reduce inflammation.

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