Air pollution remains a significant, silent hazard, contributing to approximately 464 deaths among children under five in India and claiming the lives of 2,000 young children globally each day, as revealed in the latest State of Global Air 2024 report. Now ranked as the second most critical health risk for children worldwide, air pollution surpasses even poor sanitation and limited access to clean water in its impact.

We speak to Dr Jayanth S S, Consultant Neurologist, Apollo Hospitals, Seshadripuram, Bengaluru, to know more.

Outdoor air pollution is a mixture of particulate matter, gases, and other organic and inorganic compounds that humans can inhale from the air. “Particulate matter originates from burning gas, coal, oil, forests, industrial activities, fuel from vehicles, etc. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other airborne pollutants are known to contribute to neurological and cognitive decline, even at relatively low exposure levels,” says Dr Jayanth.

Long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants is increasingly recognised for its negative impact on brain health, with research linking it to neurodegeneration, mental health disorders, and cognitive decline. “At the core of the connection between air pollution and neurological diseases lies the interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation. The phenomenon of oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD),” says Dr Jayanth.

The growing concern about air pollution’s impact on mental health has brought to light its potential role in the development of depression, anxiety disorders, and psychotic symptoms. He adds that studies suggest that air quality may play a significant role in the development of autism spectrum disorders, prompting a closer examination of this relationship. “Research has shown a correlation between prenatal exposure to air pollutants like PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and heavy metals can impair cognitive development in children and also pose an increased risk of autism spectrum disorders,” says Dr Jayanth.

No less than the global phenomenon of curbing air pollution can address this mammoth issue. Using air purifiers indoors and wearing masks in high-pollution areas can reduce exposure. Diets rich in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help combat oxidative stress. Stronger regulations on air pollution can lead to better public health outcomes overall.

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